尚书

英语法语

尚书

亦称《书》《书经》。儒家经典。“尚”即“上”，上代以来之书，故名。中国上古关于尧、舜和夏、商、周至秦穆公的历史文件和部分追述古代事迹著作的汇编。相传由孔子编选而成。汉代重新重视儒学，由秦博士伏生口授、用汉代通行文字隶书写的《尚书》，共28篇，人们称之为《今文尚书》。西汉时期，相传鲁恭王在拆除孔子故宅一段墙壁时，发现了另一部《尚书》，是用先秦六国时的字体书写的，人们称之为《古文尚书》。现在通行的《十三经注疏》本《尚书》，就是《今文尚书》与伪《古文尚书》的合编。

本书包括2766个单句。

Also known as Shu (The Book) or Shujing (The Classic of Documents), it is one of the Confucian classics. The character Shang (尚) means “above” or “antiquity,” hence the title signifies “Venerated Documents of Antiquity.” It is a compilation of historical records and some retrospective writings concerning ancient China, spanning from the legendary eras of Yao and Shun through the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties up to the time of Duke Mu of Qin. It is traditionally believed to have been compiled by Confucius.

When Confucianism was reinstated in the Han dynasty, a version was restored based on the oral recitation by Fu Sheng, a court erudite (boshi) of the Qin. Transcribed in the contemporary clerical script of the Han, this 28-chapter version is known as the New Text Shangshu. During the Western Han, another version was allegedly discovered within a wall of Confucius’s former residence when Prince Gong of Lu was having it dismantled. Written in the pre-Qin script of the former six states, it was called the Old Text Shangshu. The now-standard version found in the Commentaries and Subcommentaries on the Thirteen Classics is a combined edition of the New Text version and the (later disputed as spurious) Old Text version.

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相传由孔子编订。孔子（前551—前479）　春秋末期思想家、政治家、教育家，儒家的创始者。相传先后有弟子三千人，其中著名的有七十余人。其学以“仁”为核心，认为“仁”即“爱人”。提出“己所不欲，勿施于人”，“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”等基本原则政治上提出“正名”的主张，认为“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”，都应实副其“名”；自汉以后，孔子开创的儒学成为两千余年传统文化的主流，孔子在传统社会被尊为“圣人”。《论语》一书，记有孔子的言行以及孔子与门人的问答，是研究孔子学说的主要资料。

The text is traditionally believed to have been compiled by Confucius.

Confucius (551–479 BCE) was a philosopher, statesman, and educator of the late Spring and Autumn period, and the founder of the Ru (Confucian) school. He is said to have taught three thousand disciples, among whom over seventy became particularly renowned. His philosophy centered on ren (benevolence/humaneness), which he defined as “loving others.” He established fundamental ethical principles such as “Do not impose on others what you yourself do not desire,” and “Wishing to establish himself, he establishes others; wishing to succeed himself, he helps others succeed.” Politically, he advocated the “rectification of names” (zhengming), insisting that “the ruler must be a true ruler, the minister a true minister, the father a true father, and the son a true son,” each fulfilling the responsibilities inherent to their titles. Since the Han dynasty, the Confucianism he founded became the mainstream of traditional Chinese culture for over two millennia, and Confucius himself was revered as the “Sage.” The Analects, a record of his conversations, actions, and dialogues with his disciples, serves as the primary source for studying his teachings.

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《尚书》

理雅各(James Legge，1815年-1897年)是近代英国著名汉学家，曾任香港英华书院校长，伦敦布道会传教士。他是第一个系统研究、翻译中国古代经典的人，从1861年到1886年的25年间，将《四书》、《五经》等中国主要典籍全部译出，共计28卷，他也是儒莲翻译奖的第一个获得者。1840年1873年间，理雅各作为伦敦传教会传教士，在马六甲以及香港传教，他也是牛津大学的第一位汉语教授。理雅格的多卷本《中国经典》、《法显行传》、《中国的宗教:儒教、道教与基督教的对比》和《中国编年史》等著作在西方汉学界占有重要地位。

James Legge (20 December 1815 – 29 November 1897) was a Scottish sinologist, missionary, and scholar, best known as an early and prolific translator of Classical Chinese texts into English. The Chinese Classics earned him the first Prix Stanislas Julien. Legge served as a representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong (1840–1873) and was the first Professor of Chinese at Oxford University (1876–1897). In association with Max Müller he prepared the monumental Sacred Books of the East series, published in 50 volumes between 1879 and 1891.

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